Islamic “Sufism” or Tasawwuf traces itself back to the Prophet (peace and blessings upon him and his Family) through Imam Ali (AS)- a few of the tariqas even have several of the ahlul-bayt Imams (AS) in their lineage. However, in most cases, they follow one of the four Sunni madhabs, and include little or nothing of the ahadith - or direct teachings - of the A’immah (AS).
Irfan is the word used for the inner self knowledge journey in the tradition of the ahlul-bayt - and while the distinction between “outer” and “inner” is not as separated in the Shia tradition - there are nevertheless teachers and scholars who have attained a profound and deep experiential knowledge about this inner world. Light Within Me is one of the more well known introductory books on Irfan, it includes the writings of Imam Khumayni, Allama Tabatabai, and Shaheed Mutahhari.
Another excellent resource, that I found out about recently, are a series of lectures by Sheikh Bahmanpour on Irfan: Self Awareness. These lectures provide a basic introduction in the light of the Qur’an and the ahadith of the ahlul-bayt, as well as the teachings of Shia mystics. Sheikh Bahmanpour is director of Islamic Studies at the Hawza Ilmiyya of London.